If you have watched the popular television series Crime Scene Investigation
(CSI), you will have learnt that if a person even so much as sneezes, spits,
urinates or puts his sweaty hands against a wall, he will have left enough
evidence for forensic investigators to identify him.
Provided that they can match the left-behind sample with a sample obtained from
that person.
The science that takes these
seemingly inconsequential discards of human activity and scrutinises them in a
forensics laboratory, singling the samples out to one genetic identity is known
as DNA profiling.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) can be found in almost every cell in the body, and
contains information of that living being's genetic profile, which is unique to
that being, except in cases of identical twins.
In simple terms, your DNA is your genetic fingerprint.
It is DNA profiling that sometimes complements criminal investigation in
identifying a rapist, murderer, or missing child.
So, if it could help solve crimes or find a missing loved one, who could
possibly object to a law that would make it easier for scientists to match
their samples?
Not surprisingly, it comes from the people who most say, "Objection, my
lord!" - lawyers.
It is not the solving of a crime that they object to. Rather, it is the belief
that the DNA Identification Bill, which is going to be debated in Parliament
this week, does not have enough safeguards to protect the rights of suspects or
accused persons.
The Bill proposes to legalise the taking of DNA samples from certain categories
of people, as well as setting up a DNA Databank to keep the DNA profiles and
information.
The lawyers - one is a criminal lawyer who is preparing a report on the Bill
for the Bar Council's human rights committee (who cannot be named, but will be
referred to as Ceb) and the other, a senior constitutional law lawyer, Tommy
Thomas - believe that more thought needs to be given into how the sample can be
taken, which category of persons can be targeted, and how the personal
information of these people can be protected from abuse.
Their focus of unhappiness rests mainly on Clause 3(3), C.12, C.13, C.14, C.16,
C.17, C.18, and C.24.
Ceb says the Bill should not be tabled before the Data Protection Act is in
place, as the collection, processing and storing of personal and highly
sensitive information on the people involved needs to be properly regulated.
Thomas believes Clause 24 makes it impossible for a defence counsel to argue
the case if there is DNA evidence.
"The DNA testing itself is subject to human beings. From the process of
picking the hair from the accused's head, until somebody testifies in court,
it's human beings implementing the DNA testing process. And they can make
mistakes, be careless or dishonest.
"So, during trial, if the DNA expert says that he has examined the samples
and in his opinion it matches with the accused's, then, by Clause 24, the judge
has to allow it.
"What's a defence lawyer to say? The accused is found guilty immediately.
The prosecution doesn't need to prove anything more."
This, says Thomas, is too much of a shift, because it doesn't allow for human
error.
Ceb says the clause doesn't give the court the option of weighing the evidence.
"This conclusive evidence clause fetters the judicial process, and limits
the right of the accused to question the credibility of the DNA profile."
There is no provision in the Bill that allows for the accused to do his own
independent DNA test from the same sample, and no opportunity is given for the
accused to test the authenticity of the sample which is said to have contained
the accused's DNA profile, he says.
Both lawyers want the category of persons in Clause 3(3) who can be asked to
give a DNA sample to be restricted, as it is too wide.
To begin with, the fact that anyone reasonably suspected of committing any
offence can be asked to give a DNA sample means that even a shoplifter might be
asked to give it.
So, for the Suspected Persons Index (SPI), Ceb says, before a person is asked
to give a sample, the police must first show that a bodily substance was found
at the crime scene, that there is other evidence (other than bodily substance)
that the person by other evidence the person is suspected to have committed the
offence.
And that the forensic DNA
analysis of the sample provided will show evidence of whether the bodily
substance obtained was from that person.
And, the convicted offenders index (COI) should only involve certain serious
crimes, and not just any offence, says Ceb.
But while he has no arguments with the missing persons index, crimes scene
index, nor voluntary index, Ceb says the detainee index and the drug dependants
index should not be allowed, since detainees under emergency laws and drug
dependants have not been convicted of any crime, and so, there would be no
reason for any investigation that requires DNA samples.
The provision allowing for the taking of intimate or non-intimate samples from
a convicted prisoner in Clause 16 is "highly unfair", because it is a
retroactive application of the Bill, and a person convicted of a crime before
the passing of this law should not be subjected to it, Ceb said.
Both Thomas and Ceb are against the fact that a suspect who is asked to give a
non-intimate sample has no choice in the matter.
"The very first of the fundamental liberties in the Federal Constitution
is the Liberty of the Person. And Article 5(1) says that 'no person shall be
deprived of his life or personal liberty save in accordance with law'."
In the adversarial system, among the starting principles of criminal law is
that the burden of proving the case rests on the prosecution, and it has to
prove its case beyond reasonable doubt. This burden never shifts to the
accused.
"The accused is not required to assist the prosecution, and it is up to
the prosecution to prove the case, without co-operation from the accused.
"Which is why they are supposed to warn you that you can remain silent at
the time of arrest and before the trial. And neither the prosecution nor the
judge can adversely comment on his right to silence.
"All these are entrenched principles of criminal law. But Clauses 24 and
14 reverses all these principles," says Thomas.
Ceb says the DNA evidence should only be used to confirm other evidence already
discovered, which points to the guilt of the accused, instead of as the primary
source of evidence.
Thomas questions whether there is even any need for the distinction between a
non-intimate sample and an intimate sample.
"In DNA science, do you need an
intimate sample to make a match?" he asks.
The answer, says a senior forensics expert, is no.
"If the non-intimate sample is fresh and taken correctly, then it makes no
difference. You will get a DNA profile.
"However, if not taken correctly, then the non-intimate sample might not
be able to get the full profile, whereas with intimate samples, whichever way
you take it, you're guaranteed to get a full profile," said the expert who
has worked with the government.
Until all the issues raised are settled, Ceb believes the Bill should be
withdrawn, and a parliamentary select committee should be set up to look into
the matter.
Stakeholders, including the Bar Council, should be consulted, as well as
scientists, criminologists and police, and the government should do research on
whether the use of DNA Databank would significantly increase the rate of crime
detection or conviction of suspects.
The controversial clauses
Clause 3(3): This allows for the setting up of seven DNA indices, which cover
crime scenes, missing persons, voluntarily given samples, suspected persons,
convicted offenders, Internal Security Act and Emergency Ordinance detainees,
and drug dependants.
Clause 12: This states the procedure for obtaining an intimate sample from
either a person reasonably suspected of committing an offence, a detainee, or a
drug dependant. But, the sample can only be taken with the consent of that
person.
Clause 13: It states the procedures for obtaining a non-intimate sample from
the same category of people, but does not require consent.
If the person in Clause 13 refuses to give the sample, or refuses to allow the
sample to be taken, or obstructs the taking of the sample, Clause 14 says that
person has committed an offence, which, on conviction, is punishable with
imprisonment not exceeding one year, or a fine of not more than RM10,000, or
both.
But, even if the person resists giving a non-intimate sample, Clause 13(7)
says, "A police officer may use all means necessary for the purpose of
taking or assisting the taking of a non-intimate sample from a person."
Clause 16: This allows for an intimate or non-intimate sample to be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any convicted prisoner.
Clause 17: This assigns the responsibility of deciding on the storage or
disposal of the samples to the Head of the DNA Databank (a very senior police
officer appointed by the Internal Security Minister).
Clause 18: This clause prescribes in which instance the sample taken from a
person reasonably suspected of having committed an offence may be removed from
the index.
Clause 24: This states: "Notwithstanding any written law to the contrary,
any information given from the DNA Databank shall be admissible as a conclusive
proof of the DNA identification in any proceeding in any court."
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